Table of Contents

Intro

This post walks through using GitLab CI’s Kubernetes Cluster feature to deploy built container images to Kubernetes.

This is an update to my old guide which uses the in GitLab 10.3 deprecated Kubernetes integration feature, see: GitLab + Kubernetes: Perfect Match for Continuous Delivery with Container.

NOTE Please check the requirements before beginning.

Requirements

• Kubernetes Cluster
• GitLab instance
  • GitLab Container Registry enabled.
  • GitLab CI runner configured and enabled.
    • The CI runners must be able to access the Kubernetes apiserver.
• kubectl configured with Kubernetes cluster access.
• Kubernetes ServiceAccount
  • That has specific permissions, for more information see Step 2 - Get ServiceAccount Token from Kubernetes.

NOTE In this post the Kubernetes namespace presentation-gitlab-k8s will be used for “everything”.

GitLab CI Kubernetes Cluster Feature

The GitLab CI Kubernetes Cluster feature is the successor of the deprecated and beginning with 10.3d disabled Kubernetes project integration. Thankfully it is “100%” backwards compatible.

Though I have to note that I find it a bit “mehh” that you can only create/add one Kubernetes cluster in the GitLab community edition (CE).

Step 1 - Download and “import” example Repository

The repository with the files used in this blog post are available on GitHub: galexrt/presentation-gitlab-k8s. You can use the GitLab repository import functionality to import the repository. If you imported the repository into your GitLab, you should already see GitLab CI begin to do it’s work, but fail on the release_upload and at latest on the deploy_dev task, as you shouldn’t have the Kubernetes integration configured and activated before you even read the post yet ;)

NOTE If you have now/already imported the repository, jump to Step 2 - Get ServiceAccount Token from Kubernetes-

When creating the repository, keep it empty! Don’t add a README or anything at all to it. Go ahead and clone my repository with the files locally. To import the repository the remote needs to be changed. For this we run the following commands:

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$ git clone https://github.com/galexrt/presentation-gitlab-k8s.git
$ cd presentation-gitlab-k8s
# Change the remote of the repository
$ git remote set-url origin YOUR_GITLAB_PROJECT_URL
# Now to push/"import" the repository run:
$ git push -u origin master

Now we can begin with the GitLab Kubernetes integration.

Step 2 - Get ServiceAccount Token from Kubernetes

NOTE This step is definetely a bit different for newer clusters as you need to get a ServiceAccount token from an account with enough permissions to create, modify and delete the following objects in Kubernetes: Create, modify and delete Deployment, Service, Ingress.

For more information and a prescription, talk to your cluster administrator about a ServiceAccount that matches these requirements.

For Kubernetes 1.6 and higher with role-based access control (RBAC) enabled you need to have a ServiceAccount with the correct permissions, to deploy in the namespace of your choice.

For Kubernetes 1.5 and below, you just need to a) create a ServiceAccount (see note below) or b) use the default existing one in the namespace of your choice.

NOTE It is recommended to create a new ServiceAccount for each application!

For information on how create a ServiceAccount, please refer to the Kubernetes documentation here:

• Kubernetes 1.5 and below: https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/service-accounts-admin/
• Kubernetes 1.6 and higher (with RBAC enabled): https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/authorization/rbac/

In my case even if it not the best way, I’ll go with the default ServiceAccount created in the namespace where I will run the application. For that I check what secrets exist, then get the secret and base64 decode it.

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$ kubectl get -n presentation-gitlab-k8s secret
NAME                                           TYPE                                  DATA      AGE
default-token-nmx1q                            kubernetes.io/service-account-token   3         20m
$ kubectl get -n presentation-gitlab-k8s secret default-token-nmx1q -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
data:
  ca.crt: [REDACATED]
  namespace: [REDACATED]
  token: [THIS IS YOUR TOKEN BASE64 ENCODED]
kind: Secret
metadata:
  annotations:
    kubernetes.io/service-account.name: default
  [...]
  name: default-token-nmx1q
  namespace: presentation-gitlab-k8s
  [...]
type: kubernetes.io/service-account-token
$ echo YOUR_TOKEN_HERE | base64 -d
YOUR_DECODED_TOKEN

Step 3 - Get the Kubernetes CA Certificate

At least for my cluster that I setup with the kubernetes/contrib Ansible deployment the Kubernetes CA certificate is located in /etc/kubernetes/certs/ca.crt. So a simple cat does the thing ;)

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$ cat /etc/kubernetes/ca.crt
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
[REDACATED]
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

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[...]
apiVersion: v1
clusters:
- cluster:
    # This is where CA certificate will be located at
    certificate-authority: path/to/my/cafile
    server: https://horse.org:4443
  name: horse-cluster
[...]

If your kubeconfig does not contain a certificate-authority:, but a certificate-authority-data: take the contents of it and run base64 -d on it. That will base64 decode the CA certificate for you.

For more information on kubeconfig, see the Kubernetes documentation for “access” to Kubernetes cluster here: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/authenticate-across-clusters-kubeconfig/.

For other cluster “types”/deployments, please refer to your cluster administrator or guide.

Save the CA certificate somewhere safe with the token from Step 2 - Get ServiceAccount Token from Kubernetes.

Step 4 - Create a Kubernetes cluster in GitLab CI

You will now need the ServiceAccount token, the CA certificate, Kubernetes API server address and the namespace you want to run the application in.

In your GitLab’s sidebar, go to CI / CD -> Kubernetes and you should get to this page:

Now click the Add Kubernetes cluster button and you get this page:

On this page you can decide, if you want to create a new Google GKE cluster or add an existing cluster. Click Add an existing Kubernetes cluster button, so we can the Kubernetes cluster we just gathered the information for.

The Kubernetes cluster name can be “anything”, pick something you are able to identify the cluster later on again in case of issues. The other fields should be filled with the information we gathered it in the previous steps.

The Project namespace is optional though the .gitlab-ci.yml shown above/used here “must” have a Kubernetes namespace provided, so set it to presentation-gitlab-k8s (or your own value, but you need to change all manifests in the repository to match this one then).

Click Add Kubernetes cluster to add the cluster to GitLab and you now have the Kubernetes integration activated and ready.

Step 5 - Add a .gitlab-ci.yml to your project

NOTE Replace registry.example.com is the address to your GitLab container registry. s3.example.com is just a minio instance where I upload the artifact to an “external” destination for demonstration. To remove this step just delete the release_upload structure. Replace {gitlab,s3,registry}.example.com with your corresponding domain name!

WARNING You should first commit when you are done with adding the manifests from the sixth step too!

The .gitlab-ci.yml is based on the official GitLab CI Go template.

A job in the .gitlab-ci.yml file looks like this:

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# run the golang application tests
test:
    stage: test
    script:
        - go test ./...

To specify the stages to be run, you put a simple list of the names anywhere in the file:

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# list of all stages
stages:
    - test
    - build
    - release
    - deploy

You can specify the image to be used to run the commands on a global level or on a per job basis. To extend the given job example, see below how you can specify the image:

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# For jobs without a image specified use the below
image: golang:1.10.3-stretch
# Or for the test job the image `golang:1.9` will be used:
test:
    stage: test
    image: python:3
    script:
        - echo Something in the test step in a python:3 image

NOTE For other parts of the .gitlab-ci.yml, please check the comments in the file below or just checkout the GitLab CI documentation for all possible settings/parameters here: https://docs.gitlab.com/ce/ci/yaml/README.html.

In the .gitlab-ci.yml 4 stages are defined test, build, release and deploy:

• test stage simply runs go test to test the example Golang application in this case.
• build stage compiles the application and tells GitLab CI that the end binary app is an artifact to be preserved in GitLab and the build containers.
• release stage in which the image_build job, builds the Docker image and pushes it into the GitLab Container Registry. In the release stage, I also upload the artifact app into a S3.
• deploy stage for branches always deploys to the dev environment, for tags it will be deployed to dev and the manually triggered into live environment.

The whole .gitlab-ci.yml file looks like this:

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image: golang:1.10.3-stretch

# The problem is that to be able to use go get, one needs to put
# the repository in the $GOPATH. So for example if your gitlab domain
# is mydomainperso.com, and that your repository is repos/projectname, and
# the default GOPATH being /go, then you'd need to have your
# repository in /go/src/mydomainperso.com/repos/projectname
# Thus, making a symbolic link corrects this.
before_script:
  - mkdir -p "/go/src/gitlab.zerbytes.net/${CI_PROJECT_NAMESPACE}"
  - ln -sf "${CI_PROJECT_DIR}" "/go/src/gitlab.zerbytes.net/${CI_PROJECT_PATH}"
  - cd "/go/src/gitlab.zerbytes.net/${CI_PROJECT_PATH}/"

stages:
  - test
  - build
  - release
  - review
  - deploy

test:
  stage: test
  script:
    - make test

test2:
  stage: test
  script:
    - sleep 3
    - echo "We did it! Something else runs in parallel!"

compile:
  stage: build
  script:
    # Add here all the dependencies, or use glide/govendor/...
    # to get them automatically.
    - make build
  artifacts:
    paths:
      - app

# Example job to upload the built release to a S3 server with mc
# For this you need to set `S3_ACCESS_KEY` and `S3_SECRET_KEY` in your GitLab project CI's secret variables
#release_upload:
#  stage: release
#  image: minio/mc
#  script:
#    - echo "=> We already have artifact sotrage in GitLab! This is for demonstational purposes only."
#    - mc config host add edenmalnet https://s3.edenmal.net ${S3_ACCESS_KEY} ${S3_SECRET_KEY} S3v4
#    - mc mb -p edenmalnet/build-release-${CI_PROJECT_NAME}/
#    - mc cp app edenmalnet/build-release-${CI_PROJECT_NAME}/


image_build:
  stage: release
  image: docker:latest
  variables:
    DOCKER_HOST: tcp://localhost:2375
  services:
    - docker:dind
  script:
    - docker info
    - docker login -u gitlab-ci-token -p ${CI_JOB_TOKEN} registry.zerbytes.net
    - docker build -t registry.zerbytes.net/${CI_PROJECT_PATH}:latest .
    - docker tag registry.zerbytes.net/${CI_PROJECT_PATH}:latest registry.zerbytes.net/${CI_PROJECT_PATH}:${CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME}
    - test ! -z "${CI_COMMIT_TAG}" && docker push registry.zerbytes.net/${CI_PROJECT_PATH}:latest
    - docker push registry.zerbytes.net/${CI_PROJECT_PATH}:${CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME}

deploy_review:
  image: lachlanevenson/k8s-kubectl:latest
  stage: review
  only:
    - branches
  except:
    - tags
  environment:
    name: review/$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME
    url: https://$CI_BUILD_REF_SLUG-presentation-gitlab-k8s.edenmal.net
    on_stop: stop_review
  script:
    - kubectl version
    - cd manifests/
    - sed -i "s/__CI_BUILD_REF_SLUG__/${CI_BUILD_REF_SLUG}/" deployment.yaml ingress.yaml service.yaml
    - sed -i "s/__VERSION__/${CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME}/" deployment.yaml ingress.yaml service.yaml
    - |
      if kubectl apply -f deployment.yaml | grep -q unchanged; then
          echo "=> Patching deployment to force image update."
          kubectl patch -f deployment.yaml -p "{\"spec\":{\"template\":{\"metadata\":{\"annotations\":{\"ci-last-updated\":\"$(date +'%s')\"}}}}}"
      else
          echo "=> Deployment apply has changed the object, no need to force image update."
      fi
    - kubectl apply -f service.yaml || true
    - kubectl apply -f ingress.yaml
    - kubectl rollout status -f deployment.yaml
    - kubectl get all,ing -l app=${CI_BUILD_REF_SLUG}

stop_review:
  image: lachlanevenson/k8s-kubectl:latest
  stage: review
  variables:
    GIT_STRATEGY: none
  when: manual
  only:
    - branches
  except:
    - master
    - tags
  environment:
    name: review/$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME
    action: stop
  script:
    - kubectl version
    - kubectl delete ing -l app=${CI_BUILD_REF_SLUG}
    - kubectl delete all -l app=${CI_BUILD_REF_SLUG}

deploy_live:
  image: lachlanevenson/k8s-kubectl:latest
  stage: deploy
  environment:
    name: live
    url: https://live-presentation-gitlab-k8s.edenmal.net
  only:
    - tags
  when: manual
  script:
    - kubectl version
    - cd manifests/
    - sed -i "s/__CI_BUILD_REF_SLUG__/${CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG}/" deployment.yaml ingress.yaml service.yaml
    - sed -i "s/__VERSION__/${CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME}/" deployment.yaml ingress.yaml service.yaml
    - kubectl apply -f deployment.yaml
    - kubectl apply -f service.yaml
    - kubectl apply -f ingress.yaml
    - kubectl rollout status -f deployment.yaml
    - kubectl get all,ing -l app=${CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG}

There are special control keys like when and only that allow for limiting the runs of the CI, to for example with only: ["tags"] to run for created tags only and so on. More on this topic can be found at the GitLab CI YAML file documentation here: https://docs.gitlab.com/ce/ci/yaml/README.html

I hope you can what it does by looking at the script parts of the jobs and the stages that will be run.

Step 6 - Add Docker login information to Kubernetes

To be able to deploy the built image from the GitLab registry later on, you need to add the Docker login information for the GitLab Registry as a Secret to Kubernetes. You need to have kubectl downloaded and usable on your system for that. The command for creating the Docker login secret is:

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# YOUR_SECRET_NAME for example "registry-example-gitlab-key"
$ kubectl create \
    -n presentation-gitlab-k8s \
    secret docker-registry YOUR_PULLSECRET_NAME_HERE \
    --docker-server=registry.example.com \
    --docker-username=YOUR_GITLAB_USERNAME \
    --docker-password=YOUR_PERSONAL_GITLAB_ACCESS_TOKEN_HERE \
    --docker-email=YOUR_GITLAB_EMAIL_ADDRESS

Write down the name you gave the secret (YOUR_PULLSECRET_NAME_HERE). You will need to put it into the Deployment manifest that is coming up next.

Step 7 - Create Kubernetes manifests

Now you are creating the Kubernetes manifests for your application and add them to your repository.

Create the Deployment manifest (deployment.yaml):

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apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: __CI_BUILD_REF_SLUG__
  labels:
    app: __CI_BUILD_REF_SLUG__
    track: stable
spec:
  replicas: 2
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: __CI_BUILD_REF_SLUG__
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: __CI_BUILD_REF_SLUG__
        track: stable
    spec:
      imagePullSecrets:
        - name: regsecret
      containers:
      - name: app
        image: registry.zerbytes.net/atrost/presentation-gitlab-k8s:__VERSION__
        imagePullPolicy: Always
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8000
        livenessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /health
            port: 8000
          initialDelaySeconds: 3
          timeoutSeconds: 2
        readinessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /health
            port: 8000
          initialDelaySeconds: 3
          timeoutSeconds: 2

NOTE Don’t forget to replace YOUR_SECRET_NAME_HERE with the actual name of your Docker login secret created in the previous step.

This is a basic Kubernetes Deployment manifest. For more information on Deployment manifests please check the Kubernetes Docs page here: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/

Placeholders like __CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG__ and __VERSION__ are used for templating this single manifest for the multiple environments we want to achieve. For example later the __CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG__ get’s replaced by dev or live (environment name) and __VERSION__ with the built image tag.

To be able to connect to the generated Pods of the Deployment, a Service is also required. A Service manifest looks like this, includes the placeholders already (service.yaml):

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apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: presentation-gitlab-k8s-__CI_BUILD_REF_SLUG__
  namespace: presentation-gitlab-k8s
  labels:
    app: __CI_BUILD_REF_SLUG__
  annotations:
    prometheus.io/scrape: "true"
    prometheus.io/port: "8000"
    prometheus.io/scheme: "http"
    prometheus.io/path: "/metrics"
spec:
  type: ClusterIP
  ports:
    - name: http-metrics
      port: 8000
      protocol: TCP
  selector:
    app: __CI_BUILD_REF_SLUG__

But now we would be only able to connect to the cluster from the inside and not the outside. That’s what Ingresses are for. As the name implies they provide a way of allowing traffic to kind of flow into the cluster to a certain Service. The following manifest contains so called “annotations” that would automatically get a Let’sencrypt certificate for it and deploy it into the “loadbalancer”. The file is named (ingress.yaml).

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apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: presentation-gitlab-k8s-__CI_BUILD_REF_SLUG__
  namespace: presentation-gitlab-k8s
  labels:
    app: __CI_BUILD_REF_SLUG__
  annotations:
    kubernetes.io/tls-acme: "true"
    kubernetes.io/ingress.class: "nginx"
spec:
  tls:
  - hosts:
    - __CI_BUILD_REF_SLUG__-presentation-gitlab-k8s.edenmal.net
    # the secret used here is an unsigned wildcard cert for demo purposes
    # use your own or comment this out
    secretName: tls-wildcard-demo
  rules:
  - host: __CI_BUILD_REF_SLUG__-presentation-gitlab-k8s.edenmal.net
    http:
      paths:
      - path: /
        backend:
          serviceName: presentation-gitlab-k8s-__CI_BUILD_REF_SLUG__
          servicePort: 8000

Ingress documentation can be found here: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress/. To be able to reach the domain names, you need to already have the DNS names created. With the current manifest you would need to create __CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG__-presentation-gitlab-k8s.example.com, where __CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG__ live and dev. Resulting in dev-presentation-gitlab-k8s.example.com and live-presentation-gitlab-k8s.example.com to be created by yourself.

NOTE The deployment stage could be expanded to use the DNS providers API to create the domain name for you or the external-dns operator from the Kubernetes incubator project could be used.

Now that we have gone through all the manifests in the repository, we can move on to the next step.

Step 8 - Make a change, push and watch the magic happen!

Now that you have the manifests and the .gitlab-ci.yml file in the repository or from the imported one, you can make a change to the code or just create a file by running the following commands:

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$ touch test1
$ git add test1
$ git commit -m"Testing the GitLab CI functionality #1"
$ git push

The commands create a new file, commit it and push the change to the repository on GitLab.

Now you should see GitLab creating a new pipeline for your change and start running through the stages, which you specified in the .gitlab-ci.yml, with their jobs.

When you now go to the pipeline, you should see a view like this:

The last stage shows if you did everything correct. If it passes you now have successfully deployed your application to your Kubernetes cluster. A successful stage review deploy looks like this:

If any of the build/steps fail for you, you may have misconfigured your .gitlab-ci.yml or the GitLab CI Kubernetes integration can’t reach the configured Kubernetes cluster. Make sure connectivity from the GitLab CI Runners to the Kubernetes cluster is given! For Troubleshooting see the below section for more details on some possible issues.

Troubleshooting

Pipeline stuck on pending

If the build pipeline is stuck in pending, it could be that your GitLab CI runner aren’t properly configured with your GitLab CI instance.

Build failure

• If you made any changes to the .gitlab-ci.yml, use the “CI Lint” functionality available on the GitLab Repo pipeline page in the top right corner to check for any syntax issues.
• Did you replace all domain names {gitlab,s3,registry}.zerbytes.net with your own domains?

Unable to reach the app review URL/deployed project

• Did you replace all domain names {gitlab,s3,registry}.zerbytes.net with your own domains?
• Is your Ingress (class) correctly setup in the Ingress object/Kubernetes cluster?

Summary

I hope this helps you, using the GitLab CI Kubernetes cluster feature for your Continuous Delivery of your application(s) to Kubernetes. For questions about the post, please leave a comment below, thanks!

Have Fun!